Max Webers Sociological Theory Called Bureaucracy - Free Essay Example

The Task 1. Organizational structure states the activities of the company such as coordination, task allocation, and supervision to achieve the organizational goals and objective.[1] A German sociologist named Max Weber proposed a theory called bureaucracy. This theory is perceived to be impersonal, strong, and self-disseminating. Rendering to him, this is a formal system of an organisation and administration to assure effectiveness and efficiency in the company. Max Weber proposed this theory as a bureaucratic approach. The theory accent on the hierarchy, impersonal, comprehensive rules, and dissection of labor. It also considers the organisation as a part of wide-ranging society. Weber based the theory on the principles of structure, democracy, job specialization, authority hierarchy, predictability and stability, impersonality, formal selection, career orientation and formal rules and regulation. In structure, there is communication wherein this is more formal and time consuming. Example of this, if the manager want to talk to the employee, instead of just informing the employee by talking to him/her personally the manager will email a formal letter that informing the employee that he/she want to talk or the management will call for a meeting. This is also present in a small business where there is closer supervision with the employee this is simply because they have a limited number of employees. Under structure there is also delegation w here the manager assigns a responsibility or authority to another person or to the employee. The bigger the organisation the bigger the structure. So structure depends on the extent of the organisation. Job specialization is based on the capability and function or specialization of the staff. It is divided to a simple, fixed and routine classification. The company equally applied the rules and regulations, there is no involvement of the superior/manager to the employees/staff, personal attachment is prohibited and it falls under impersonality. Favouritism is also forbidden in this principle, there is equal treatment for the entire employee. Under career orientation, career setting for the employee is an opportunity and highly offered. There is a protection for the employee against dismissal or lay-off. In this principle the manager are professional officials rather than company owner. They are like just an ordinary employee who manages the company. Authority hierarchy, this princ iple means that the top one is the one who made the decision (high level of control). The manager or supervisor controls the lower position. Example of this, in a healthcare facility the team leader control the subordinates or the healthcare assistant, the chief nurse control the nurse. In an organisation there is a formal rules and regulation where the employees, managers must depend heavily. These rules of law indicate to impersonality in interactive relations. All organisation select their employees according to their qualifications and competence which they demonstrate it thru education, training and examination, this is the principle of formal selection. This theory of Weber indicates that the manager or the owner is the one who have the power to motivate, manipulate and control the employee. This theory is present in a small business wherein they can easily control the employee and supervise. [2] 2. The person who is attaching to the behaviour and the behaviour of humans in the organisation refers to the Organizational Culture. It also affects the people and groups interaction with each other within the organisation. Culture consists of system, language, organizational vision, values habits and beliefs. This is also one way of telling the employee how they will observe, think and feel for other person. An Irish author/philosopher who was born 1932 generate a model in organizational culture, he is Charles Handy. He is specialising organisational behaviour and management. [3] He is also known as the God of Management. Organisational culture affect every aspect of work life, it start from how the employee greets her/his colleagues up to how the major policy decision are made. The culture determines how an individual behave in an organisation. He corresponds to the four cultures and he linked it to the four Greek gods. The four cultures are: The power culture, he labelled it as a web or club culture. This reflects to a family owned business that can be large or small. The centre is the parents or the owner who really owned the company, it radiates out the centre and that is the siblings or other in the family. In this case the decision will come out from the manager but some of the family member will also make decision because they want to have the power. The employee will be confused who will follow or who will be given priority. All want to have the power and promotion.4 These are some of the characteristics of power culture. It focussed on the return, governed by trust for success, political, it can easily adapt to changes, can moved quickly, fast decision making, have the capacity to take risk and mostly face to face communication. The person culture, these symbolize cluster. This culture is characterized as the employee or staffs feel more important rather than the company. They feel that the company needs them that it cannot perform well if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist in the company. In addition to this, the employ ee comes to the organisation just for money and never attaches themselves to it or to the work. It is all about the money and they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t love their work. And the individual are more concerned about their own-self rather than the company or organisation. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t care whatever happens to the company as long as the company is paying them. The task culture, this represents lattice work or net. It measure how the employee/ staff performed to a certain task. How they accomplish their work in a most ground-breaking way. It involved extensive research and activities to develop their knowledge. They usually change their task in order to meet their goal and objectives. The employee who is expert to the task is more important in this culture. The culture is representing a net because of the different departments, function and specialties whereby the company can predict and familiarize to change fast. These are the common characteristic, flexible, most of th e time teamwork, can solve problem absolutely, like challenging task and moat of the time ask questions, high value on feedbacks, they share their power and knowledge, and they make a good relationship to their co-workers to make the work done. And the last culture is the role culture. The responsibility given to the employee is based on their specialization. That is the reason why Handy design it like a Greek temple. The top or the apex of the temple is the manager who made the decision and the pillars or the post reflects as the functional units or different departments in an organisation. The highlight of these culture deceits in the specialization of the employee within the pillar or post. The manager is just the one who makes the decision but the departments are the one who implement the decision. He stated that the job description is the most important rather than the skills and abilities of the employee. Whatever the job description it is the only work that the employee sh ould do, it is not advisesable that he/she exceed to the work description. [4]The typical features are depend on the system and order, communicate formally, not comfortable for changes, cannot adapt easily, very specific with standards, resilient structure, have confidence in secure control, sometimes slow and administrative in decision making, and design work so it is stable.[5] [1] Wikipedia.(2014).Organizational structure. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_structure [2] Max Weber principle of bureaucratic theory.(2013). Retrieved from https://notes.tyrocity.com/max-weber-principle-of-bureaucratic-theory/ [3] Wikipedia.(2014). Chares Handy. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Handy [4] Sherwin, L.(2014). Managing Change Toolkit.Retrieved from https://www.lindsay-sherwin.co.uk/guide_managing_change/html_overview/05_culture_handy.htm [5] Ready to Manage.(2013). Retrieved from https://blog.readytomanage.com/organizational-culture-diagram/

The Client s Thoughts, Assumptions And Inferences

The counselor and the client will work collaboratively on exploring the client’s thoughts, assumptions and inferences. The therapist teaches the client to test these by checking them against reality and against other assumptions. Homework assignments, behavioral experiments, gathering data on assumptions made, and forming alternative interpretations help clients to monitor the frequency with which these beliefs intrude in situations in everyday life. (Corey, 2013). Consistent with the medical model of psychiatry, the overall goal of treatment is symptom reduction, improvement in functioning, and remission of the disorder. In order to achieve this goal, the client becomes an active participant in a collaborative problem-solving process to test and challenge the validity of maladaptive cognitions and to modify maladaptive behavioral patterns. Thus, modern CBT refers to a family of interventions that combine a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and emotion-focused techniques (Hofmann, 2011; Hofmann, Asmundson, Beck (!)) Even though these strategies greatly emphasize cognitive factors, CBT recognizes the physiological, emotional, and behavioral components which also play a significant role in contributing to the disorder. Although each variation of cognitive behavioral therapy has a different view of the role of a helper in the counseling process. Ellis views the therapist largely as a teacher and does not think that a warm personal relationship with clients is essential. InShow MoreRelatedPsychological Therapies: Insight and Action Essay526 Words   |  3 Pagesbehavior. There are two forms of modern psychotherapy: insight and action. Insight therapies aim to enhance your understanding of yourself, your motives and actions. Insight therapy uses humanistic therapy and psychoanalytic therapy. Humanistic therapy ‘s goal is to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. This insightful approach focuses on the clients sense of self and present experiences in their daily lives, rather than focusing on early childhood. CarlRead MoreCounseling Ethics Critical Thinking1196 Words   |  5 Pageshow our biases impact the analysis of information. A critical thin king approach when applied to the logical analysis of journal articles, chapters or entire textbooks--encourages us to analyze the author(s)’ goals, objectives, issues, observations, facts, conclusions, biases, inferences, assumptions, perspectives, and their overall point of view. Critical thinking entails the ability to think clearly and rationally. Critical thinkers will take additional steps to increase their learning by conceptualizingRead MoreReflection Paper989 Words   |  4 Pagessimplify observations and to focus an observers attention along specific dimensions. A counseling theory, then, is a collection of assumptions, interpretations, and hypotheses which helps to explain what is happening in counseling and, which gives an observer a framework in which to make his or her future observations, evaluations, and predictions about client behavior. A counseling theory deals with goals and purposes (ends theory) as well as with counseling process and techniques (meansRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Mental Disorders1563 Words   |  7 Pagesmedication in the management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (Wright, 2006).† Cognitive behavior theory is mainly used with depression and anxiety. Many people of all ages are affected by depression. Depression affects a person’s mood, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Cognitive behavior is a great way to help reduce depression symptoms. â€Å"One in four young adults is diagnosed with a clinically significant mood episode by the end of puberty, and 12-month prevalence rates for major depression andRead MoreAre Psychopharmaca Superior to Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Depression?936 Words   |  4 Pagessever depression die from suicide (Jindal Thase, 2003). The 20th century saw the development of Electroconvulsive therapy in the 1930 s, and the development of antidepressant medication the the 1950 s as attempts to affect depression directly on a neurobiological level. Today s two prominent forms of treatment are psychopharmaca (with TCA s and SSRI s in the forefront), and psychotherapy (with a form of Cognitive Therapy usually being recommended). The knowledge of the true efficacy ofRead Moreâ€Å"How Can Modern Behavioural Therapies Help a Client Accept Uncertainty About Their Future?†3066 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract: â€Å"How can modern behavioural therapies help a client accept uncertainty about their future?† Introduction: I will demonstrate a good knowledge and understanding focusing on REBT and CT, combining them to produce a fluid response to answer the question. Background: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a generic umbrella term for a category of therapy approach that focus on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and actions. There are many different types ofRead MoreRational Emotive Behaviour Therapy - Essay9996 Words   |  40 Pagesbeings to modify such processes to achieve different ways of feeling and behaving. REBT is one of a number of therapies that come under the heading ‘cognitive-behavioural’. In the mid-1950’s Dr. Albert Ellis, a clinical psychologist trained in psychoanalysis, became disillusioned with the slow progress of his clients. He observed that they tended to get better when they changed their ways of thinking about themselves, their problems, and the world. Ellis reasoned that therapy would progress faster ifRead MoreMy Future As A School Counselor1605 Words   |  7 Pagesemotions stem from our beliefs during childhood. Ellis (2011) maintains that through REBT clients learn skills that give them the tools to identify and dispute irrational beliefs by replacing ineffective ways of thinking. CT was developed by Aaron Beck based on the research of depression (Corey, 2013). Beck (1963, 1971) perceived CT as psychological problems stemming from faulty thinking, making incorrect inferences, and failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality in which CT assists in resolvingRead More1.)Key Concepts Of The Framework: . Cognitive Behavior1823 Words   |  8 Pagesexperience (Padesky, 2012). Cognitive behavioral therapy maintains the belief that what people believe holds significant value. A person’s belief has a strong influence on how the person feels and acts upon those feelings (Corey, 2017). Around the mid-1970’s therapists started emphasizing the interaction between behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions which led to the replacement of behavior therapy by cognitive behavior therapy (Corey, 2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy has many different approachesRead MoreLeadership Story5283 Words   |  22 PagesSituation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Two-Column Case †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Ladder of Inferences †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Dynamics Pattern †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Change Immunity Maps †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 The Learning Pathways Grid †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Plan of

The Ontological Argument Essay - 680 Words

The Ontological Argument In Anselms ontological argument he is trying to prove the existence of God, his argument is an argument purely based on the mind and does not require the moral agent to venture into the real of the senses. Ontology is to do with being, or what something is. Anselms ontological argument concerns existence and whether it is an attribute of God in the same way omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence are believed to be. The argument is an a priori argument. It does not rest on proving Gods existence by relying on experimental knowledge but on showing that God must exist logically, or that Gods non-existence is illogical. The main idea behind Anselm’s argument is that†¦show more content†¦The Main Points of Anselms ontological argument (1) God is that than which no greater can be conceived. (2) If God is that than which no greater can be conceived then there is nothing greater than God that can be imagined. Therefore: (3) There is nothing greater than God that can be imagined. (4) If God does not exist then there is something greater than God that can be imagined. Therefore: (5) God exists. The first premise of this argument, (1), is Anselm’s conception of God. (2) is a simple logical truth; if God is the greatest conceivable being then there is no greater conceivable being, (3) follows simply from (1) and (2). Anselm argues in support of (4) by comparing a non-existent God with an existent God. An existent God, says Anselm, is greater than a non-existent God. If God were non-existent, therefore, then we could imagine a God greater than he, namely an existent God, (5) follows simply from (3) and (4). Gaunilo’s Criticism Gaunilo of Marmoutier, a monk and contemporary of Anselms, is responsible for one of the most important criticisms of Anselms argument. Anselms argument illegitimately moves from the existence of an idea to the existence of aShow MoreRelatedThe Ontological Argument By Anselm1524 Words   |  7 Pages I will begin my paper by discussing the two major versions of the ontological argument by Anselm presented in the proslogion. The first being â€Å"Possible and actual existence†, and the second being â€Å"Contingent or Necessary†. One should start off with the first summarized in the standard form as follows: #1 It is a conceptual truth that God is a being than which none greater can be imagined. #2 God exists as an idea in the mind. #3 A being that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is, otherRead MoreExploring the Ontological Argument1746 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the Ontological Argument For nearly a thousand years, the ontological argument has captured the attention of philosophers. The ontological argument was revolutionary in its sequence from thought to reality. It was an argument that did not require any corresponding experiment in reality; it functioned without the necessity of empirical data. Despite flaws and problems found in some ontological arguments and the objections raised to those arguments, ontological arguments still provide aRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument The Ontological argument is a group of different philosophers arguments for the existence of God. Ontological literally means talking about being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. The main component of the Ontological argument can be found in the Anselm’s Proslogion which is a short work that tries to demonstrate both the existence and the nature of God. His main aim in writing the Proslogion is not to directly prove the existence ofRead MoreOntological Argument Is Not Reliant On An Posteriori933 Words   |  4 Pages Ontological Argument Saint Anselm created the â€Å"Ontological Argument†. Saint Anselm was the archbishop of Canterbury. The premise of Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is that, no greater being can be conceived than God. The Ontological Argument is an a priori or deductive argument. An a priori argument does not have to be supported by real or factual evidence just by reason without observation. Thus, the Ontological Argument is not reliant on an a posteriori premise. An a posteriori argumentRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues thatRead MoreEssay about Ontological Argument Critique 857 Words   |  4 Pagesis a much debated philosophical argument that has mystified philosophers since the age of the ‘Enlightenment.’ Many of the different arguments put forth and analysed though, have not adequately proven God’s existence. Although in order to move forward, failed arguments must be studied to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. One such argument is the Ontological Argument. This argument was first recorded by St. Anslem (1033-1109). Descartes adapts this argument in the fifth meditation in ‘MeditationsRead MoreThe Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1509 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes’ ontological argument is an echo of the original ontological argument for the existence of God as proposed by St. Anselm in the 11th century. To illustrate the background of the ontological argument, Anselm’s argument works within a distinct framework of ontology that posits the existence of God as necessity by virtue of its definition. In other words, for the mind to conceive of an infinite, perfect God, ultimately implies that there must indeed be a perfect God that embodies existenceRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion, one of Descartes’s most famous arguments is his Ontological proof for the existence of God. It is a proof that one can know God a priori, with no experience whatsoever. Cou ntering Descartes, a philosopher named Caterus raised key objections to his proof, which Descartes later responded to in an intriguing way. Descartes’s reply to Caterus’s critique of the Ontological argument does not properly refute the objections made. Descartes’s Ontological argument begins with the idea of that which isRead MoreEssay on Anselm’s Ontological Argument1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe ontological argument for God’s existence is a work of art resulting from philosophical argumentation. An ontological argument for the existence of God is one that attempts the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. The term a priori refers to deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the type of reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information. The argument works by examining the concept of God, and arguing that it impliesRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 PagesWord Count: 10/30/2014 Descartes’ Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The Ontological Argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument that aims to demonstrate that God’s real-world existence follows necessarily from the concept of God. In Meditation V of Discourse on Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes presents his version of the Ontological Argument for the existence of God. In this essay, I will argue that this argument fails because necessary existence for

Bayaning 3rd World Synopsis Essay Sample free essay sample

It was all about doing a movie about Dr. Jose Rizal as our National Hero where the movie shapers Ricky Davao and Cris Villanueva were believing what would be the rubric of the movie they will do. And they come up with a detective narrative wherein they will look into if Rizal is truly a Hero. which implies that they were in uncertainty of Rizal being our Hero. Furthermore. they have many inquiries on their head that needs an reply. First. who is Rizal? National Hero. the great Malayan. the first Filipino Indio assassin and the pride of Malay race. What is Rizal? One peso coin. even though ever devalued ever figure one. Small but Terrible. In the twelvemonth 1904 Gregorio Aglipay. monopoly of Catholic Church. construct his ain church and made Rizal as their saint. Similarly. group of Filipinos specifically cult praised him and made him as their Godhead. Second. did Rizal marry Josephine Bracken? They say that Rizal marries Josephine but there was no documental grounds that will turn out that they were truly married. We will write a custom essay sample on Bayaning 3rd World Synopsis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Friars said that Rizal can get married Josephine merely if he will compose a abjuration paper. Jose Rizal did compose a abjuration while he was in Dapitan but there was no signature of him. So. Rizal did non get married Josephine. However. they truly love each other and both live in Dapitan and have a kid but unluckily died. Third. did Rizal subscribe a abjuration paper? This was the most controversial issue. There was a abjuration paper made but the text and signature of Rizal were non echt. Possibly. The Jesuits imitates it. In the interview of Father Balaguer. he said that Rizal retract and confess. If Rizal truly retracts and declares himself as Catholic. it means that he abjure with all his bosom whatever in his words. Hagiographas. publications and behavior has been contrary to his character as boy of the Catholic Church. In instance that Rizal truly abjure. he is genuinely a coward but the truth was revealed in his written novels. essays. verse forms and declaration against the Spanish authorities with his strong finding and ain beliefs. And through his plants and Hagiographas there was no uncertainty to Dr. Jose Rizal. He is genuinely a great National Hero. Bayaning 3rd World is a movie directed by Mike de Leon starring Ricky Davao as Filmmaker 1. Cris Villanueva as Filmmaker 2. Joel Torre as Jose Rizal. Lara Fabregas as Josephine Bracken. Daria Ramirez as Dona Teodora. Rio Locsin as Trining. Cherry Pie Picache as Narcisa. Lui Manansala as Maria. Joonee Gamboa as Paciano. Ed Rocha as Padre Balaguer. Lawrence David as Rebel Leader. Jay Espano as Pio Valenzuela. Bon Vibar as Padre Vilaclara. Edru Abraham as Padre Obach. Keno Agaro as Rizal at 7. Jan Alexis Rutaquio as Rizal at 14. Benjamin Barcellano as Rizal at Luneta. Kenneth Bruan as Andres Bonifacio / Katipunan Neophyte. Max Newton as Edward Gross / Senor Taufer. Jonic Magno as Gross’ Rizal / Yearsley’s Cameraman. Aimee Murillo as Gross’ Bracken. Julie Galino as Mrs. Gross. Jun Pamfilo as Gross’ Cameraman. Wilfredo J. Calderon as Gross’ Billboard Artist ( as Wilfredo Calderon ) . Morris Hamsi as Albert Yearsley. Nor Domingo as Yearsley’s Rizal . Jesus Diaz Ramirez as Squadron Leader. Richard Khab as Yearsley’s Jesuit Priest. Wylie Casero as Production Assistant 1. Ana Agabin as Production Assistant 2. Liza de Ocampo as Production Assistant 3. Manolito Bolpa as Production Assistant 4. Xox as Filmmaker’s Dog. Alessandra Rigon as Manuela Orlac. Ermie Concepcion as Seance Medium. Ronnie Martinez as Cult Leader and Bella Llaban as Flor Contemplacion.

What Happened in Enron Essay Example

What Happened in Enron Paper What happened In Enron and Arthur Andersen? United States seventh largest company Enron, with the slogan Ask Why was admired for Its innovation, but it all ended up In bankruptcy and criminal matters. The company filed for bankruptcy in December 2001. This was one of the worlds biggest corporate scandals In history. Aquas seventh largest firm had In over sixteen years increased its assets from 10 billion to 70 billion US. Dollars, and was by the stock market analysts from Wall Street hailed as the new economy model. Five years in a row, readers of Fortune magazine appointed Enron as The most innovative company in America. The companys director and founder (in 1985) was Kenneth Lay, who was the future business Idol. In his holidays, he played golf with former President Clinton while he made Enron the largest contributor to George W. Bushs career as Texas governor, and not least as U. S. President. As a former employee of the now defunct U. S. Deader energy commission, Acting Deputy Minister of Energy compared the Interior and economist for the Pentagon during the Vietnam War had Lay conditions for developing Its business In light of a lattice concept: aggressive deregulation, the removal of all regulatory and legal obstacles for appropriation and monopoly profits. Enron was dealing with natural gas. As oil prices fell during the ass, and natural gas (which had flourished in the wake of the oil crisis) was again threatened by falling oil prices, Lay found out that deregulation was the answer. We will write a custom essay sample on What Happened in Enron specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Happened in Enron specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Happened in Enron specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Large customers would no longer be bound by agreements with local, often public energy facilities, but could buy directly from producers, which in turn should have access to the pipe and conduit systems. Public monopolies were broken. Lay went directly to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FARCE) and got the rules repealed. The result was more volatile energy prices. Now, Lay got his most innovative idea: to make natural gas and energy commodities in line with all other mass production. Natural gas was now controlled by electricity supply and the electricity market was deregulated to a large wholesale market. Lay went directly to the U. S. Congress, and Congress changed the rules. In 1994 Enron began trading with electricity next to the natural gas, where It became the largest supplier in the U. S. And in England. In 1997 it was also Americas largest electricity trading, as did the rear of public electricity companies, as the federal SPA. The U. S. Energy deregulation model became a global model. In country after country it was being Introduced. In 2001 , ten company only Ana 24 cays to go Dandruff Ana turned out to consist AT hot air. Investors lost everything. 20,000 employees lost their Jobs, health insurance and retirement savings, while managers such as Ken Lay and Jeffrey Killing walked out with nearly one billion U. S. Dollars. The senior people in the company had earned nearly 1 billion U. S. Dollars from the sale of company shares over the last two years. The founder and leader of the firm, Kenneth Lay, earned 123 million U. S. Lars in 2000 and 25 million in 2001 and then sold his Enron shares before the collapse and had a great profit out of it. At the same time he urged employees to buy shares, which would soon prove to be worthless, while he told them third quarter looks to be super, and predicted that its value would increase by 800% or more in Over the next decade. Employees would not touch the shares they had in the company, and many whose retirement savings we re ever $ 1 million worth in August 2001, were left with a life savings of only $ 4000 at Christmas 2,001 the. Many companies are working hard to develop a corporate culture and employee loyalty. This was obviously not the case with Enron. Thousands of workers ended up with an empty bank account and an uncertain future, this was the only reward for believing that they were part of a team. It is these experiences that will clearly show that the working class and the ruling class do not have common interests, no matter what the capitalists say otherwise! Unfortunately, the loss of Jobs in Enron will not be he last in the current economic crisis. Many other traditional companies such as Ford and Boeing have already announced major layoffs. Thats life under a system that puts profits before people. Enrons biggest mistake was their pride. In addition arrogance, intolerance and greed. People were blinded by greed. They could not see the dangers, said the former staff lawyer, Amanda Martin. Arrogance, intolerance and greed does not necessarily lead to fraud and embezzlement. But it did with Enrons management, and this lack of morality and common decency filtered down through the organization. The story of Enron started in 1985 in the U. S. IL capital, Houston, as director Kenneth Lay leaves the local Houston Natural Gas merged with a Nebraska-based company International North in the new company Enron to include to do business with 60,000 kilometers of natural gas pipelines in the U. S.. In record time, Enron is with wealth of buying U. S. Largest supplier of natural gas and power and from its impassions headquarters in a skyscra per in Houston a model around the world for how we should privative energy. Quarter after quarter, Enron comes with impressive cords, and the already gilded shareholders can only smile when the IT bubble burst in 2000. They are in tomorrows safest money machine But there are already starting to get cracks in the glass buildings glistening facade. T Tanat Enron should sell bandwidth in line with other groceries. Enron entered into a collaboration with video rental company Blockbuster to supply video on demand. The stock exchange cheered, and Enrons price rose 34 percent in two days. The problem was that the technology was never developed, and the agreement fell to the floor after a few months. But with the mark-to-market principle, one could record 53 million U. S. Dollars on a contract that had not brought a crown. The same was true for many of Enrons other activities around the world. Most gave either no profits or even losses, but the presumed earnings were already booked. And Enrons price rose and rose. As it turns out not to be enough, in 1999, Kenneth Lay gives COOP Fast authorization, at its own expense, with a stripe of Americas most respected financial houses to create a pair of funds. The task is to do business with Enron, so the turnover and the counting earnings can be kept up, and Fast also creates yet more sinister foundations and companies, where he parked Enrons worst deals. There is rejoicing at management of Enron, as power-hungry California the same year opened a vigorous appropriation of its energy market. It offers new opportunities for creative outlets, because Enron peoples better than the officials are able to maneuver at the intricate set of rules. Enron also begins massive online trading speculation in future energy prices to be sold free bandwidth on the internet and here is even a market for speculation in the weather. One of the few areas where Enron really made any money was in California. In 1997, Enron acquired Portland General, and gained access to Californians deregulated electricity market. The recipe for enormous profit was simple. The price of a commodity rises if demand exceeds supply. Enron reduced supply of electricity. This made the price of electricity rise, some days with 3-400 percent. The result of this attempt at a free energy market was that California was hit by power cut in the middle of winter, when electricity demand is lowest. Energy crisis cost the California taxpayers 30 billion dollars, while the electricity cuts earned two billion U. S. Dollars to Enron. But even this golden egg in length could not save Enron. Stock market analysts on Wall Street believed in everything Enron executives told them about Enrons huge profits now and in the future, until the reporter Bethink McLean in an article in Fortune in March 2001 questioned Enrons economic status with the simple question that no one could really answer How does Enron make money? Less than a year after, the house of cards fell together and pulled Americas oldest counting Tell Arthur Andersen Ana Its employees In ten Tall. President Bush said he would be entrepreneurial president. It surely was, but the company was Enron. He created the same alternate reality, the same bubble of hot air. But ultimately dotted the real reality bubble. As commentator Harold Emerson put it: When historians at a time, looking back at the Bush administration, it will give them headaches trying to figure out how a president could do so consistently fail out of so many cases especially considering that many of the cases was his own initiative. Ironically, Enron had the slogan Ask Why, but it did not seem serious until February 2001 when a Journalist at the business magazine Fortune, Bethink McLean, full of wonder analyzed where the glossy annual reports information on Enrons alleged revenue came from. The article was met with attempts at ridicule from Enron, but suddenly a woolly explanation of the company was released, and then finally began a barrage of questions. In October, Enron submitted an accounting of one billion deficit, and in November the company added that there had been an accounting fraud for billions in five years t took only 24 days before the bankruptcy was a fact. There was wealth of reports on how senior management staff in the last few months had sold Enron shares for astronomical sums to avoid personal losses. In the meanwhile, they recommended others to buy. So bankruptcy was also a criminal, and dozens of people began to talk about how they had long wondered what they really even contributed to, but not dared to ask why, because they had been afraid of the answers. In 2004, Fast, who had cooperated with the authorities on the investigation of the case, was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and a fine of 140 million. R The others were Lay and Killing, who both declared their innocence to the very end, convicted of fraud. What happened in Arthur Andersen? Auditing firm Arthur Andersen was sued and convicted in 2002 for destruction of evidence concerning the fraud-hit energy firm Enron. Andersen shredded Enron documents, and prosecutors said it was to hide complicity in fraud. Arthur Andersen defended themselves by saying that the documents were irrelevant material of a type which were routinely destroyed. The head of Andersens Enron team, David Duncan, pleaded guilty and cooperated let attenuators In ten case galls t Nils 010 Tell. U. S. Supreme Court this week cited with regard to the Jury not sufficiently had taken a position on whether the document was scrapping with criminal intent. Andersen was Enrons auditor general, while other firms revised parts of the company. Among other things, was not Andersen auditor on the so-called partnerships that Enron used to hide its debt and how much of the fraud took place. When the Arthur Andersen fraud was revealed, it led to the break-up of the firm and to the following assessment by the Powers Committee: The evidence available to us suggests that Andersen did not fulfill its professional responsibilities in connection with its audits of Enrons financial statements, or its obligation to bring to the attention of Enrons Board (or the Audit and Compliance Committee) concerns about Enrons internal contracts over the related-party transactions. The deception was initially made possible by a grip that by the rest of the financial world was regarded as brilliant. Enron was permitted to use the accounting principle of mark-to-market, which means you can book future profits on the same day a trade s concluded, regardless of how little there since comes in. Externally, Enrons profits could then be what Enron said it was. It gave great opportunities for manipulation of accounts. Lessons from the rise and fall of Arthur Andersen and Enron Even if many have tried, capitalism is not so easy to keep under control. The Enron collapse is not the only scandal we have seen so far in capitalism and it is most likely not be the last one. Enron has given $1. 9 million to the national political parties, more than three quarters of it to the Republicans. It has spent additional millions on political antedates, so that two-thirds of our national legislators have benefited from Enron largesse to their campaigns. These same millions have given Enron access to the most respected politicians in America. Kenneth Lay had private meetings with Cheney to tell him what the nations energy policy should be. He submitted a list of names of who should be appointed to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. This is Just one of the lobbying example of many. We must take the big money influence out of politics. We also have the investors, who, like many other investors, were too mesmerisms by he promise of free money to actually examine Enrons cash flow statements before handing over their hard-earned cash. The stock market has a way of giving investors exactly want teeny deserve, anon when get-roll-quickly Investors Tallow ten palace AT so- called financial analysts who give BUY ratings on companies they dont even understand, what they might get is bankruptcy. Too many investors think the stock market is a giant take-away table of money. They underestimate risk and overestimate the potential for gain. Another lesson would be that the governments cannot deregulate everything. Most likely, businessmen will act in their own interest instead of listening to the public and what they want. The most important lesson would be that the relentless pursuit for profit is a major issue in our economic model. It can easily get out of control and people will get hurt. Additionally, regulations concerning subsidiaries and corporate spin-offs should be amended so that they the relations between parent and subsidiary are transparent and reflect the actual ownership position of the parent company. These are only few of the lessons learned from Enron, but with such a big disaster eke Enron, there are endless lessons to be learned.

Critical Thinking Essays - Psychotherapy, Clinical Psychology

Critical Thinking Essays - Psychotherapy, Clinical Psychology Critical Thinking Chapter 4 Critical Thinking 1. You undoubtedly had certain beliefs and ideas about therapy before reading this chapter. Has studying this chapter changed these beliefs and ideas? Explain. Yes, because before reading the chapter I thought therapy was just for people who were diagnosed with a psychological disorder or be deeply struggling in order to seek therapy. Now I know that people go to therapy to cope with disorders, relationships, stress, and grief, to figure out who they are and learn to live life to the fullest. I also that it was pointless because all therapists do is rehash common knowledge and that is unnecessary when you can just talk to good friends. I now know that therapy is different from relationships with friends or family because therapists are highly trained professionals who?ve spent years learning and practicing how to diagnose and treat cognitive, emotional, behavioral and relational issues.? Instead of arguing with the issue, as with friends, therapy is devoted only on you. 2. Which form of therapy do you personally find most appealing? Why? I think that I would prefer behavior therapy because it focuses directly on the problem rather than on all the causes and I wouldn?t have to focus so much on my feelings. I believe that I would gain a lot from talking through problems, and find it cool to try a different approach to my problems. I wouldn?t prefer insight therapy because I would want a more straightforward answer to my problem instead of more insight on why I might be having the problem. I wouldn?t want to use biomedical therapy because I believe it will only be needed if the problem is severe. 3. What do you consider the most important commonalities among the major forms of therapy described in this chapter? What are the most important differences? All major forms of therapy are designed to address disturbed thoughts, disturbed emotions, disturbed behaviors, interpersonal and life situation difficulties, and biomedical disturbances, Research indicates that overall, therapy does work. Cognitive: Works in more scientific and logical way, can solve a large range of issues but general grounds is based towards more about the client's brain state rather than their mind. Humanistic: Works for people with self-confidence issues or other internal conflicts regarding their conscious self. Psycho-dynamic: Works for those who constantly deal with problems and cannot seem to find a way resolve it, generally meaning something is going on below the surface. 4. Imagine that you were going to use the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy to change some aspect of your own thinking and behavior. (Maybe you'd like to quit smoking, or be more organized, or overcome your fear of riding in elevators.) How would you identify faulty thinking? What could you do to change your thinking patterns and behavior? I would identify faulty thinking as jumping to conclusions and making uninformed decisions, blaming yourself for things you have no control over, rejecting positive feedback or suggestions, and making excuses. You can change your thinking patterns by first recognizing that there is a need to change your thinking pattern, be aware of the situations in which you are using destructive thinking patterns, and choose positive thoughts to replace the destructive thoughts.

Masculinities represented in music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Masculinities represented in music - Essay Example In brief, a person is either male or female. The latter wholly defines sex as a noun as seen in the society. Gender, in simpler terms, is the state of being either of the two sexes. Masculinity comes in as an attribute of male sexuality. It is the male attribute whose representation in the film industry forms the discussion in the following discourse. Masculinity is not only part of a dualistic gender but under a broader spectrum is what every man is seen to contain that gives rise to that unique manly identity that defines his social and daily life. According to the argument put forward by constructionist , masculinity is constantly changing. This is in tandem with how these changes relate to the wider society. In reference to the argument fronted above, masculinity entails both the aspect of homosexuality as well as heterosexuality. However, according to conservative traditions, masculinity is an attribute of heterosexuality. It is a common belief that for one's masculinity to be c omplete there has to be an attraction to a feminine being. This is the heterosexuality matrix. Basically, this means that for any person to be considered as heterosexual, one must instinctively exhibit attraction to persons who are of the opposite gender. This is the overriding notion in conventional societies which are part of the norms or even trends that a majority in such societies rightly conforms to. The theory on heterosexuality therefore cuts off gay men as masculine. The act of penetration during sex is considered masculine hence the penetrated man is seen as feminine. Having that as an arguable fact also makes the fact that in a lesbian couple, there is a masculine female who is attracted and receives pleasure from penetrating and being in charge of another female. Sexuality complicates gender and the motion on proving masculinity in homosexuals has been continuing for a while. In order for one to understand the masculinity in gender one has to understand the stereotypes i n it as well. In the society, dominance and power sharing is also a factor in the determination of masculinity according to the sexes. Due to the masculine stereotype being portrayed as more dominant to the feminine stereotype, the society tends to respect it and admire it. The media and sports alike have had an effect from this stereotype. Femininity is generally weaker and less influential and mostly for pleasure by masculinity. The society itself shows the difference between masculinity and femininity with practices that are in everyday life. A man, for example, gets a two week maternity leave while a lady gets a twelve week maternity leave. A man generally gets a higher pay as opposed to a female in the same line of work. Women are responsible for domestic development and are the guardians to their homes while the man is the provider. Ladies are more scared and prone to hurt from simple threats as opposed to men. Until recently, the army was a man-only job while the women nursed and tended to the injured. Gender has a way of stereotyping certain activities in the society to fit the roles of the sexes. Modernity tries to beat the role of gender in stereotyping but it fails terribly due to the culture associated with the sexes. Some men feel less satisfied by some jobs they do due to the belief of femininity in them. A man, for example, feels unsatisfied as a nurse a job associated with serving which is feminine in nature. The struggle