Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals Essay - 1289 Words

Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals The Romanesque style transformed into the Gothic style during the Middle Ages. This happened for many reasons. The Romanesque period was a time of trial and error while the Gothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the two types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics and the community to raise funds for the Gothic cathedrals. There are several reasons the architecture of the cathedral changed from Romanesque to Gothic in the Middle Ages. The Romanesque period lasted from 1000 to 1200 AD. Todays France was the center†¦show more content†¦There is just a differnt feeling in the Gothic architecture gives and overwhelming feeling of mysticism, the dominant spiritual and philosophical movement. The Gothic period was a tuime of advancements in architecture including the pointed arch, the rib vault, and the flying buttress. Also, stained glass windows were a beutiful way to express their beliefs in an architectual way. The pointed arch was their first invention that removed the awkward look of disproportional arches at the sides of the Romanesque cathedrals. The pointed arch also directed the weight of the vault downward to help support the massive ceilings. The second advancement of the Gothic architects solved problems of the Romanesque period. The Romanesque cathedrals had thick walls that gave the feeling of confinement, and their massive arches seemed ill proportioned to their small windows, which created little light. The rib vaults allowed the architects to increase the spaciousness and height, reduce the thickness of the supposrting walls and arches, and enlarge the area of the windows inside the cathedrals. The flying buttresses were the third and probably most important techniques. To make the vaults safer, the French architects added external buttresses. They were placed on the outside of the cathedrals to give support to the building by taking the weight of the buildingShow MoreRelatedRomanesque Cathedral And Gothic Cathedrals1257 Words   |  6 PagesWe’re looking at the difference between Romanesque cathedrals and Gothic cathedrals. I know you all are so excited to learn what a flying buttress is because I know I was. Spoiler alert, it is nothing like what it sounds like. It’s much more cool and innovative, which is what these two periods were all about. Taking knowledge from the past and improving it. After Charlemagne’s death in 814, a terrible and dark period of cultural decline and terror ensued. It took a long time for the terror to endRead MoreGothic and Romanesque Cathedrals Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romanesque style transformed into the Gothic style during the Middle Ages. This happened for many reasons. The Romanesque period was a time of trial and error while the Gothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the two types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics and the community to raise funds for the Gothic cathedralsRead More Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesRomanesque and Gothic Architecture The 11th to 15th centuries saw a great surge of the Christian Church within Europe which was emphasized by the persuasiveness of the Crusades. The growing population of the Church increased the demand for the increased presence in architectural monuments and during the Romanesque and Gothic periods, a great cathedral construction boom occurred across Europe. The Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles were distinctive in not only the massiveness of the RomanesqueRead MoreArchitectural Styles Of The Ottoman Empire993 Words   |  4 Pagesempires, namely the Byzantine, Iranian, and Islamic architectural styles. As a result, the Ottoman empire’s architectural style has resemblances with the Romanesque architecture, which is a blend of the ancient Roman and Byzantine architectures. And it also has similarities with the Gothic architecture which was heavily influenced by the Romanesque architecture and subsequently by the Renaissance architecture. However, all three of these ar chitectural styles also have their differences due to individualRead MoreKey Characteristics of Gothic Architecture1436 Words   |  6 PagesWhat architectural changes were necessary in the shift from Romanesque to Gothic cathedrals in Europe and what inspirational changes influenced these changes? A. Plan of Investigation This investigation’s purpose is to analyze the changes in the architectural technique of the Romanesque style of architecture and come to a conclusion as to whether the shift in technique led to the rise of the more grandiose Gothic architecture in Europe. All art is inspired and the influences that caused the changeRead MoreAnalysis of the Romansque Style of Architecture1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romanesque style is a little like Roman architecture. Gothic architecture structures were beautifully made and offered the light of the new world to be shared. Both styles can be regarded as revolutions in building styles. By comparing the Romanesque and Gothic Architectural styles, I found that both styles were popular in the middle Ages, although Romanesque was first and later evolved into the Gothic style. Founded by the Normans but resembling classical Roman architecture, Romanesque styleRead MoreCultural Influence Of The Early Medieval Era1570 Words   |  7 Pagesanother c an impact things such as stylistic transition, and transfer of subject matter. The combination of local traditions and newly introduced ideas will allow for new types of artwork to be produced. Artwork during the Early Medieval era, Romanesque era, and Gothic era demonstrates how local and imported ideas intermingle to produce new things. In order to fully express the idea of cultures integrating local ideas with ideas of other cultures to form new artworks, focusing specifically on architectureRead MoreSaint Brigid s Centre For The Arts1657 Words   |  7 Pagestechniques of architectures were influenced by its of the Etruscans and has developed three architectural features: arch, dome and vault in the 1st century BC. Romanesque architecture has characteristically elements: Semi-circular arch, Barrel vaulting of the nave, thick buttress walls and Gothic architecture has three elements which came together in Gothic period: Pointed arch, Ribbed vault and Flying buttress. Among Architecture terms, a vault is an arch- shaped structure used to provide an enclosed spaceRead MoreDurham Cathedral Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesDurham Cathedral Durham Cathedral is one of the oldest examples of Romanesque architecture present in England today. Although the cathedral was completed in the early 12th century there are signs of Gothic architecture present due to the close relation of Romanesque and Gothic styles. In Robert Scotts book The Gothic Enterprise he discusses how the early Gothic style pulled heavily from the Romanesque style of architecture and built upon its basic themes. Durham Cathedrals extensive historyRead More Saint Sernin Of Toulouse And Notre Dame Of Paris Essay701 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one thinks of St. Sernin and Notre Dame, one tends to think of two beautiful cathedrals, not to churches that portray two totally different styles of architecture. Those two styles are, of course, Romanesque in St. Sernin and the Gothic style of Notre Dame. Some characteristics that these two buildings share include quest for height, basic floor plan, and artistic flair. The period of Romanesque architecture, which lasted roughly from 1050 A.D. to 1150 A.D., concentrated mainly on

Women During The Ancient World - 1445 Words

In the ancient world, women were generally discriminated and deemed inferior to men. As a result, women in various civilizations were expected to uphold sexist stereotypes, which limited their freedoms and abilities. Two such civilizations were Ancient Rome and Early Modern England. England during the 15th and 16th centuries supported the Anglican faith. Women, by divine belief, were created as subordinates to men; the rationale for this constitutes the creation of Eve from Adam’s rib, suggesting that women were made for man. Sexist bias was also supported in Rome (753 B.C. to 1453 A.D.) where the traditional ambitions of all women were to wed unknowingly, birth abundantly, and serve their husbands unfailingly. These notions†¦show more content†¦The legal rights of married women were similar in Early Modern England and Ancient Rome. In Early Modern England weddings were often arranged to benefit both families in terms of power and wealth.1 As a result, women seldom had a choice in whom they married. However, this was not the case in royalty where marriage was more complicated. An unwedded queen produced no legitimate heirs while the husband of a wedded queen would challenge the power she had. This was because marriage granted the husband ownership of his wife and her rights, yet a queen born from the English crown was to be the authoritative figure. Queen Elizabeth resolved this by not marrying at all, and power was inevitably passed to King James VI of Scotland postmortem.2 In the case of the common peoples, a married woman wasn’t able to make legal contracts, keep her wages, sue, or inherit her husband’s belongings in case of death. A woman was granted the right of separating from her husband under mensa et thoro, which allowed them to live apart but they were still legally married and therefore couldn’t remarry. The husband was given the children.3 As a result, marriage gave the husband the ultimate authority in all affairs relating to his wife. The limited freedoms married women had could’ve even worked against them as the queen risked her authority and her married, female subjects risked

Eu †Russia Relations Free Essays

Slide 3-4 The European Union and Russia have a strong trade relationship. Bilateral trade and investments continue to grow rapidly. Since 1997 the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement has been the framework of the EU-Russia relations, regulating the political and economic  relations between the EU and Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on Eu – Russia Relations or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the main objectives of this agreement is the promotion of trade and investment as well as the development of harmonious economic relations between the EU and Russia. EU imports from Russia are, however, to a very large extent not subject to any restrictions. The recent WTO accession of Russia will prevent Russia from adopting unilateral tariff hikes as has been the case in the past. The new EU-Russia Agreement – currently under negotiation – should provide a comprehensive framework for bilateral relations with stable, predictable and balanced rules for bilateral trade and investment relations. It will focus on improving the regulatory environment by building upon the WTO rules and strengthen bilateral trade relations. The EU was a strong supporter of Russia’s WTO membership since the start of the process to the actual accession on 22 August 2012. Russia’s WTO membership will gives a major boost to further development of the economic relationship between the EU and Russia. Slide 5 Russia is the third trading partner of the EU and the EU the first trading partner of Russia. Trade between the two economies showed steep growth rates until mid-2008 when the trend was interrupted by the economic crisis and unilateral measures adopted by Russia that affected EU-Russia trade. Since 2010 mutual trade has resumed its growth reaching record levels in 2011. EU exports to Russia are dominated by cars, medicines, car parts, telephones and parts and tractors. EU imports from Russia are dominated by raw materials, in particular, oil (crude and refined) and gas. For these products, as well as for other important raw materials, Russia has committed to freeze or reduce its export duties. The EU is the most important investor in the Russia. It is estimated that up to 75% of Foreign Direct Investment stocks in Russia come from EU Member States. Slide 6 Directions: 1) Energy sector 2) Human resources 3) FDI 4) Technologies Slide 7-8 Russia and the EU still disagree primarily over the issues surrounding the energy sector. Russia is the most important supplier to the EU not only in gas and oil, but also of coal and uranium. Its oil and gas exports account for around two thirds of overall export earnings and revenues from this sector, and this contributes to over forty percent of the federal budget income. On the other hand, the EU is a major buyer of energy products what makes the EU over-dependent on Russian oil and gas, which undermines the EU’s political confidence. This anxiety is a result of Russia’s efforts to use this insecurity not only for economic objectives, but also for political purposes what give a rise to concern about future supply. The energy partnership within the  EU-Russia Energy Dialogue   aims at improving the investment opportunities in the energy sector to ensure continued energy production, to secure and expand transportation infrastructure as well as to reduce the environmental impact. Other important objectives are to encourage the opening up of energy markets, to facilitate the market penetration of more environmentally friendly technologies and energy resources, and to promote energy efficiency and energy savings on the way to a low-carbon economy. Slide 9 A well-educated but cheap labour force – could provide Europe with an important boost to its competitiveness as a complex global economy emerges. Russia offers access to a skilled and well-educated human resource pool, letting companies recruit where they work. Russia has one of the most highly skilled workforces in the world, backed by an educational system with a solid global reputation and producing professionals who take up leading positions in areas such as natural and pplied sciences, programming, RD, engineering, etc. (7th  in the world with 75 million workers, 99. 4% literacy rate, 41 Russian Nobel laureates) The government has begun implementing a program aimed at finding tomorrow’s leaders and providing priority support to them. Slide 10-11-12 Why? 2. One of the Largest  Consumer Markets 3. World-Renowned Human Capital Vast Natural Resources Unique Geographic Position Technologically Advanced Economy Attractive Taxation System Extensive Government Support Stable Social and Political System Russia has a relatively small share of the EU’s total external FDI, at 4%,but this is actually significantly more than China’s. Despite that, the EU is by far the largest investor in the Russian economy. On the other hand, it seems that a significant part of the FI inflows, and also of the recent increase, may be Russian capital repatriated from abroad. Services have received between 50% and 60% of the total FI. Among the other sectors, natural resources and manufacturing attract roughly comparable amounts of FI (and close to their weights in Russia’s GDP). But†¦ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the share of the energy sector is larger in FDI (i. e. , without Portfolio and â€Å"Other Investments†). The share of the energy sector in the FDI inflows in the period 1Q-3Q 2007 seems to have been nearly 2/3 of the total. †¢EU MS seem to be among the largest investors in virtually allthe sectors of the Russian economy. In other terms, Russia performance is not as bad as one might expect, which is not to say that there are not areas for improvement. There are, and one such one is the legal framework . European Union accounts for 4/5  of  the accumulated direct investment in  Russia, and the amount of  capital investment in  absolute terms has grown significantly over the past few years European busi-ness community rated Russia third, while neither Asian nor North American investors included it  even in  the top dozen     According to  the calculations done by  the Institute of  World Economy and International Relations, the burgeoning Russian trans-national companies, despite their global inter-ests, have nevertheless concentrated 2/5  of  their long-term foreign assets in  the EU     According to  the new long-term forecast of  the Institute of  World Economy and International Relations, the share of  the  EU-27  in  the world’s  GDP (calculated by  the par index of  the purchasing power of  currencies) will go  down from 21%  in  2005  to 16%  in  2020  . This means that Russia’s  more forward- looking markets will be  not its traditional European partners but China and other large developing countries. Slide 14 Strong Russian scientific knowledge provides excellent opportunities for R;D partnerships with Russian research institutes and universities. While Russia possesses some of the largest oil and gas reserves in the world, some of them have become harder to recover. This is a great opportunity to introduce innovative technologies to develop new gas and oilfields. Additionally, critical technological areas are eligible for government co-financing on a competitive basis to facilitate research and development of innovative capabilities and leading technologies in: * Aerospace * Aviation * Shipbuilding * Automotive * Machinery * Metallurgy * Construction * Chemistry and pharmaceuticals * Nuclear physics * And many more. Interesting fact: Russia leads the world in the number of annual spacecraft launches. 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